As the United States entered the post–Cold War era, the systems of innovation and production that had sustained the military through a whole-of-nation approach to national defense began to atrophy. Although the military incrementally contracted, demobilization proved limited as the nation seemed to heed Marshall’s warning, with one important exception. Like the end of the Second World War, the end of the Cold War brought about a peace dividend. military five years later, placing it on a footing that largely endured through the Cold War. On September 1, 1945, in a report submitted to the secretary of war, Marshall warned that in the coming peace, “a rich nation which lays down its arms as we have done after every war in our history, will court disaster.” Although a demobilization soon occurred, the Korean War remobilized the U.S. This unprecedented expansion occurred under the leadership of Chief of Staff of the Army General George C. Army had mobilized more than 8 million men spread across 92 divisions. It could muster just 174,000 soldiers, scattered between three and a half divisions. In 1939, when America was emerging from the throes of the Great Depression, our Army ranked 19th-largest in the world, standing behind Portugal and only slightly ahead of Bulgaria.
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